About the Author
Arnold J. Toynbee (1889-1975) was an English historian. His monumental twelve-volume series, A Study of History (1934-61), was an attempt to identify and trace patterns of the rise and fall of civilization across more than twenty world cultures, over thousands of years. Drawing on the insights of Freud and Darwin, Toynbee attempted to fashion history into a more scientific discipline, rejecting humanism, Enlightenment ideals, and modern nationalism.
